Nude Athletes and Fights to the Death: The Ancient Olympics

As the 2024 Olympics is well underway in Paris, Konstantine Panegyres, McKenzie Fellow in Classics & Archaeology, explores the Olympics’ ancient form, the games played, and the experiences of competitors and visitors during its existence over a period of a millennium.

The first recorded victor at the Olympics was Coroebus of Elis. A cook by profession, Coroebus won the event called the ‘stadion‘ – a footrace of just under 200 metres, run in a straight line.

Coroebus was victorious in the year 776 BCE, but this was probably not the year of the first Olympic games.

A few ancient writers, such as the historian Aristodemus of Elis (who lived in the 2nd century CE or earlier), believed there had been as many as 27 Olympic contests prior to 776 BCE, but the results had never been recorded because people before that time did not care about recording the names of the winners.

The games were held every four years at Olympia, a site in Western Greece that had a famous temple to the god Zeus.

The games started in mid-August and were part of a religious festival dedicated to Zeus.

Competing for Glory

In the early days of the Olympics, there was only one event (the stadion) and one victor.

Over the centuries, other events were added, like chariot races, wrestling, long-distance running and boxing. The Roman emperor Nero (37–68 CE) even “introduced a musical competition at Olympia”, as the biographer Suetonius (first/second century CE) informs us.

Victors at Olympia won a wreath of wild olive. Unlike today, there were no prizes for second or third.

The athlete Iccus of Tarentum, who lived in the fifth century BCE and won victory in the pentathlon at the Olympics of 476 BCE, apparently said that for him “the prizes meant glory, admiration in his lifetime, and after death an honoured name”.

Mostly men competed for the prizes but some women took part.

Cynisca, daughter of King Archidamus II of Sparta, was the first woman to achieve an Olympic victory. She got the prize because the horses she trained won the chariot racing event in the year 396 BCE, as the traveller Pausanias (second century CE) writes:

Cynisca was exceedingly ambitious to succeed at the Olympic games and was the first woman to breed horses and the first to win an Olympic victory. After Cynisca, other women have won Olympic victories but none of them was more distinguished for their victories than her.

But competing in the games could be dangerous.

Lucius Annaeus Seneca (c50 BCE–40CE) describes how a father lost both sons in the pancration, a type of combat sport that was a violent mixture of boxing and wrestling:

A man trained his two sons as pancratists, and presented them to compete at the Olympic games. They were paired off to fight each other. The youths were both killed together and had divine honours decreed to them.

Pankration Black Terracotta Panathenaic prize amphora, c500BCE. Artist: attributed to the Kleophrades Painter. Met Museum, 16.71

Going to the Games

People travelled far to see the athletes competing in the famous games.

The rhetorician Menander (third/fourth century CE) said of the Olympic games: “the journey there is very difficult but nevertheless people take the risk”.

In 44 BCE, the Roman statesman Cicero (106–43 BCE) wrote a letter to his friend Atticus about planning a trip to Greece to see the games:

I should like to know the date of the Olympic games … of course, as you say, the plan of my trip will depend on chance.

Cicero never made it to the Olympics – he was interrupted by other business. If he had gone, the trip would have involved a voyage by sea from Italy to Greece, then a carriage ride to Olympia.

Once at Olympia, travellers stayed at lodging houses with other travellers. There they mixed with strangers and made new friends.

There is a famous story about what happened when the philosopher Plato (428/427–348/347 BCE) stayed at Olympia for the games.

Plato lived there with others who did not realise he was the celebrated philosopher and he made a good impression on them, as the Roman writer Claudius Aelian (second/third century CE) recalled:

The strangers were delighted by their chance encounter … he had behaved towards them with modesty and simplicity and had proved himself able to win the confidence of anyone in his company.

Later on, Plato invited his new friends to Athens and they were amazed to find out he was in fact the famous philosopher who was the student of Socrates.

It’s unclear how many people actually visited the ancient games each time they were held, although some modern scholars think the number could have been as high as 50,000 in some years.

Victorious youth bronze statue, c300–100BCE. Artist: probably Lysippos. ‘The olive wreath was the prize for a victor in the Olympic Games and identifies this youth as a victorious athlete’. Getty Museum, 77.AB.30

Watching the Games

The Greek writer Chariton (first century CE) in his novel Callirhoe wrote how athletes – who had often also made a long journey to get to the games – arrived at Olympia “with an escort of their supporters”.

Athletes competed naked and women were usually not permitted to watch.

But there were some exceptions. For example, a woman called Pherenice, who lived in the fourth century BCE, was permitted to attend the Olympics as a spectator. As Claudius Aelian explains:

Pherenice brought her son to the Olympic festival to compete. The presiding officials refused to admit her as a spectator but she spoke in public and justified her request by pointing out that her father and three brothers were Olympic victors, and she was bringing a son who was a competitor. She won over the assembly and she attended the Olympic festival.

As the contest was held in the middle of summer, it was usually extremely hot. According to Claudius Aelian, some people thought watching the Olympics under “the baking heat of the sun” was a “much more severe penalty” than having to do manual labour such as grinding grain.

The site at Olympia also had problems with freshwater supply. According to the writer Lucian of Samosata (second century AD), visitors to the games sometimes died of thirst. This problem was fixed when Herodes Atticus built an aqueduct to the site in the middle of the second century CE.

The atmosphere of the crowd was electric.

The Athenian general and politician Themistocles (sixth/fifth century BCE) apparently said the most enjoyable moment of his life was “to see the public at Olympia turning to look at me as I entered the stadium”.

They praised him when he visited the games at Olympia because of his recent victory against the Persians at the battle of Salamis (480 BCE).

When the games were over, winning athletes returned home to a hero’s welcome.

According to Claudius Aelian, when the athlete Dioxippus (fourth century BCE) returned to Athens after being victorious in the pancration at Olympia, “a crowd collected from all directions” in the city to celebrate him.

The Philippeion at ancient Olympia, dedicated by Phillip of Macedon to Zeus and completed by Alexander the Great, his son, c338–336BCE. Photographer: dronepicr via Wikimedia Commons

The end of the ancient games

The Roman historian Velleius Paterculus (born 20/19 BCE) called the Olympic games “the most celebrated of all contests in sports”.

Current research suggests the ancient games probably ended in the reign of the Roman emperor Theodosius II (reigned 408–450 CE).

There may have been a number of reasons for the demise but some ancient sources specifically say it was caused by a fire that destroyed the temple of Zeus at Olympia during Theodosius II’s reign:

After the temple of Olympian Zeus had been burnt down, the festival of the Eleans and the Olympic contest were abandoned.

The Olympics were not revived again until 1896, the year of the first modern Olympics.

Feature: Aerial view of Ancient Olympia, 2020. Photographer: Panosgti34 via Wikimedia Commons